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References

  • References with NCES numbers (NCES 2000-123) can be retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/ and are published by:

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

  • References with ERIC numbers (ED 123456) can often be retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ and are available through:

ERIC Document Reproduction Service

  • All references with a website were valid as of March 5, 2007.

 

Chapter 1

  1. Rose, L. C., & Gallup, A. M. (2006). The 38th annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 88(1), 41–56. http://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/k0609pol.htm

  2. Alliance for Excellent Education. (2005). A presentation of survey research on the public's views on public high schools. http://www.all4ed.org/NationalPollPower Point.ppt

  3. Holbrook, A. L., Krosnick, J. A., & Pfent, A. M. (in press). Response rates in surveys by the news media and government contractor survey research firms. In J. Lepkowski, B. Harris-Kojetin, P. J. Lavrakas, C. Tucker, E. de Leeuw, M. Link, M. Brick, L. Japec, & R. Sangster (Eds.), Telephone survey methodology. New York: Wiley.

  4. OECD. (2004). Learning for tomorrow's world: First results from PISA 2003. Paris: OECD. (see pages 120, 122, 126, and 439)

  5. Mason, H. (2004, June 15). Math = Teens’ favorite school subject. http://www.gallup.com/

  6. Markow, D., & Martin, S. (2005). The MetLife survey of the American teacher: Transitions and the role of supportive relationships. http://www.metlife.com/teachersurvey/

  7. Markow, D., Fauth, S., & Gravitch, D. (2001). The MetLife survey of the American teacher: Key elements of quality schools. http://www.metlife.com/ teachersurvey/

  8. Markow, D., & Scheer, M. (2002). The MetLife survey of the American teacher: Student life: School, home & community. http://www.metlife.com/teachersurvey/

  9. OECD. (2006). Education at a glance: OECD indicators – 2006 edition. Paris: OECD. (see page 41)

  10. United Nations. (2001). World population prospects: The 2000 revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

  11. Graddol, D. (2000). The future of English? A guide to forecasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century (2nd Edition). http://www.britishcouncil.org/ learning-elt-future.pdf

 

Chapter 2

  1. Stigler, J. W., Gonzales, P., Kawanaka, T., Knoll, S., & Serrano, A. (1999). The TIMSS videotape classroom study: Methods and findings from an exploratory research project on eight-grade mathematics instruction in Germany, Japan, and the United States (NCES 1999-074).

  2. Hiebert, J., Gallimore, R., Garnier, H., Bogard Givvin, K., Hollingsworth, H., Jacobs, J., et al. (2003). Teaching mathematics in seven countries: Results From the TIMSS 1999 video study (NCES 2003-013 Revised).

  3. Putnam, M. L., Deshler, D. D., & Schumaker, J. B. (1992). The investigation of setting demands: A missing link in learning strategy instruction. In L. S. Meltzer (Ed.), Strategy assessment and instruction for students with learning disabilities: From theory to practice (pp. 325–354). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

  4. Upton, C. (1910). Stenographic reports of high school lessons: Mathematics lesson. The Teachers College Record, 11(4), 4–18.

  5. Hoetker, J., & Ahlbrand Jr., W. P. (1969). The persistence of the recitation. American Educational Research Journal, 6(2), 145–167.

  6. Arons, B. (1992), Techniques, perception, and applications of time-compressed speech. http://xenia.media.mit.edu/~barons/pdf/ arons_AVIOS92_timecompressed_speech.pdf.

  7. Kiewra, K. A. (1985). Students' note-taking behaviors and the efficacy of providing the instructor's notes for review. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 10(4), 378–86.

  8. Carter, J. F., & Van Matre, N. H. (1975). Note taking versus note having. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67(6), 900–904.

  9. Carver, R. P. (1990). Reading rate: A review of research and theory. San Diego: Academic Press.

  10. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for information processing. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97.

  11. Bretzing, B. H., & Kulhavy, R. W. (1979). Notetaking and depth of processing. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 4(2), 145–53.

  12. Kiewra, K. A., & Fletcher, H. J. (1984). The relationship between levels of note-taking and achievement. Human Learning, 3, 273–280.

  13. Crawford, C. (1925). The correlation between college lecture notes and quiz papers. Journal of Educational Research, 12(4), 282–291.

  14. Crawford, C. (1925). Some experimental studies of the results of college note-taking. Journal of Educational Research, 12(5), 379–386.

  15. Kiewra, K. A. (1985). Investigating notetaking and review: A depth of processing alternative. Educational Psychologist, 20(1), 23–32.

  16. Ash, P., & Carlton, B. (1953). The value of note-taking during film learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 23, 121–125.

  17. Graham, S., Berninger, V., Weintraub, N., & Schafer, W. (1998). Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1–9. The Journal of Educational Research, 92(1), 42–52. (Technically, Graham reports 118 letters per minute by grade nine. Since a standard word is 6 characters (Carver, 1990, page 9), 118 letters per minutes equals 19.7 wpm.)

  18. Kiewra, K. A. (1985). Learning from a lecture: An investigation of notetaking, review and attendance at a lecture. Human Learning, 4, 73–77.

  19. Knight, L. J., & McKelvie, S. J. (1986). Effects of attendance, note-taking, and review on memory for a lecture: Encoding vs. external storage functions of notes. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 18(1), 52–61.

  20. Snyder, T. D., Tan, A. G., & Hoffman, C. M. (2006). Digest of education statistics 2005 (NCES 2006-030). (see pages 272 and 274)

  21. Bloom, B. S. (1984). The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Researcher, 13(6), 416.

  22. Graesser, A. C., & Person, N. K. (1994). Question asking during tutoring. American Educational Research Journal, 31(1), 104–137.

  23. Annis, L. F. (1983). The processes and effects of peer tutoring. Human Learning, 2, 39–47.

  24. Mayer, R. E. (2004). Should there be a three-strikes rule against pure discovery learning? The case for guided methods of instruction. American Psychologist, 59(1), 14–19.

  25. Goodlad, J. I. (1984). A place called school: Prospects for the future. New York: McGraw-Hill. (see page 107)

  26. Sticht, T., Beck, L., Hauke, R., Kleiman, G., & James, J. (1974). Auding and reading: A developmental model. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization. (ED 097641) (see page 66)

  27. Greene, E.B. (1928). The relative effectiveness of lecture and individual reading as methods of college teaching. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 4(6), 457–560.

  28. Grittner, F. M. (1975). Individualized instruction: An historical perspective. The Modern Language Journal, 59(7), 323–333.

  29. Vargas, E. A., & Vargas, J. S. (1992). Programmed instruction and teaching machines. In R. P. West & L. A. Hamerlynck (Eds.), Designs for excellence in education: The legacy of B. F. Skinner (pp. 33–69). Longmont, CO: Sopris West, Inc.

  30. Reiser, R. A. (1987). Instructional technology: A history. In R. M. Gangné (Ed.), Instructional technology: Foundations (pp. 11–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  31. Bangert, R. L., Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1983). Individualized systems of instruction in secondary schools. Review of Educational Research, 53(2), 143–158.

  32. Kulik, C. L. C., Kulik, J. A., & Bangert-Drowns, R. L. (1990). Effectiveness of mastery learning programs: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 60(2), 265–299.

 

Chapter 3

  1. Kohn, A. (2002, November 8). The dangerous myth of grade inflation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 49(11), B7–B9. http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm

  2. Snyder, T. D., Tan, A. G., & Hoffman, C. M. (2006). Digest of education statistics 2005 (NCES 2006-030). (see page 286)

  3. Adelman, C. (1995). The new college course map of transcript files: changes in course-taking and achievement, 1972–1993. (ED 434647)

  4. Juola, A. E. (1980). Grade inflation in higher education-1979. Is it over? (ED 189129)

  5. Healy, P. (1997, November 7). HOPE scholarships transform the University of Georgia: Applicants have better credentials, but grade grubbing and grade inflation are growing. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 44(11), A32–A34.

  6. Anglin, P. M., & Meng, R. (2000). Evidence on grades and grade inflation at Ontario’s universities. Canadian Public Policy – Analyse de Politiques, 26(3), 361–368.

  7. Wikström, C. (2005). Grade stability in a criterion-referenced grading system: The Swedish example. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 12(2), 125–144.

  8. Kezim, B., Pariseau, S.E., Quinn, F. (2005). Is grade inflation related to faculty status? Journal of Education for Business, 80(6), 358–363.

  9. Perkins, R., Kleiner, B., Roey, S., & Brown, J. (2004). The high school transcript study: A decade of change in curricula and achievement, 1990–2000 (NCES 2004–455).

  10. Woodruff, D. J., & Ziomek, R. L. (2004). High school grade inflation from 1991 to 2003. (ED 484784)

  11. Goodwin, D. H., & Holman, D. M. (2003). Accountability and grade inflation in a rural school. (ED 482548)

  12. OECD. (2004). Learning for tomorrow's world: First results from PISA 2003. Paris: OECD. (see pages 92, 281, and 294)

  13. Grade (education). (2007, January 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Grade_%28education%29&oldid=98288265

  14. Smallwood, M. L. (1935). An historical study of examinations and grading systems in early American universities: A critical study of the original records of Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Mount Holyoke, and Michigan from their founding to 1900. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  15. Peterson, C. (1992). Learned helplessness and school problems. In F. J. Medway & T. P. Cafferty (Eds.), School psychology: A social psychological perspective (pp. 359–376). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  16. Cooper, H., Nye, B., Charlton, K., Lindsay, J., & Greathouse, S. (1996). The effects of summer vacation on achievement test scores: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), p227–68.

  17. Weller, L. D. (1983). The grading nemesis: An historical overview and a current look at pass/fail grading. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 17(1), 39–45.

  18. Kohn, A. (1999). From degrading to de-grading. High School Magazine, 6(5), 38–43. http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/fdtd-g.htm

  19. Bernstein, E. (2004, April 2). The price of admission. The Wall Street Journal, p. W1.

  20. Waring School. (n.d.). http://www.waringschool.org/visitors/facts.asp http://www.waringschool.org/visitors/admissions.asp

  21. Poughkeepsie Day School. (n.d.). http://www.poughkeepsieday.org/admissions_files/facilities.shtml http://www.poughkeepsieday.org/upper_files/upper.shtml http://www.poughkeepsieday.org/admissions_files/aid.shtml

  22. Carolina Friends School. (n.d.). http://www.cfsnc.org/AboutCFS/basicInformation.htm (see also http://www.privateschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/20814)

  23. School facts: Metropolitan Learning Center. (2007). http://www.pps.k12.or.us/schools-c/profiles/?id=154 http://www.pps.k12.or.us/schools-c/profiles/enrollment/enroll_out. php?rpt=163

  24. Gatta, L. A. (1973). An analysis of the pass-fail grading system as compared to the conventional grading system in high school chemistry. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 10(1), 3–12.

  25. Gold, R. M., Reilly, A., Silberman, R., & Lehr, R. (1971). Academic achievement declines under pass-fail grading. Journal of Experimental Education, 39(3), 17–21.

  26. American Medical Student Association. (n.d.) Evaluation systems utilized by top 50 medical schools as ranked by US News & World Report. http://www.amsa.org/meded/grading_system.doc

  27. The New College of Florida Fact Book, 2005-2006. (n.d.). http://www.ncf.edu/InstitutionalResearch/FACTBOOK/FactBook_2005_06.pdf

  28. OECD. (2006). Education at a glance: OECD indicators – 2006 edition. Paris: OECD. (see pages 219 and 220)

  29. Snyder, Digest 2005, 46.

  30. Sabot, R., & Wakeman-Linn, J. (1991). Grade inflation and course choice. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 159–170.

  31. Snyder, Digest 2005, 462–463.

  32. Zussman, A., Bar, T., Kadiyali, V. (2006). Information, course selection, and grade inflation. Cornell Higher Education Research Institute Working Paper No. 05-01. http://www.econ.iastate.edu/calendar/papers/Zussman.pdf

  33. Mead, J. (1992). Teachers' evaluations of student work. National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. http://ncrtl.msu.edu/http/rreports/html/pdf/rr929.pdf

  34. Crowl, T. K. (1984). Grading behavior and teachers' need for social approval. Education, 104(3), 291–295.

  35. Eldridge, R. (1981). Grading in the 70s: How we changed. College English, 43(1), 64–68.

  36. Starch, D., & Elliott, E. C. (1912). Reliability of the grading of high-school work in English. The School Review, 20(7), 442–457.

  37. Starch, D. (1918). Educational measurements. New York: Macmillan.

  38. Thompson, S. C. (1981). Will it hurt less if I can control it? A complex answer to a simple question. Psychological Bulletin, 90(1), 89–101.

  39. Different leisure activities’ popularity rise and fall, but reading, TV watching and family time still top the list of favorites. (2004, December 8). The Harris poll #97. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=526

  40. Applebee, A. N. (1993). Literature in the secondary school: Studies of curriculum and instruction in the United States. (ED 357370)

  41. All time top 1000 grossing films (US) - MovieWeb. (n.d.). http://www.movieweb.com/movies/boxoffice/alltime.php

  42. Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1988). Timing of feedback and verbal learning. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 79–97.

  43. Pashler, H., Cepeda, N. J., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2005). When does feedback facilitate learning of words? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(1), 3–8.

  44. Bahrick, H. P. (1979). Maintenance of knowledge: Questions about memory we forgot to ask. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108(3), 296–308.

  45. Rubin, D.C., Wenzel, A.E. (1996). One hundred years of forgetting: A quantitative description of retention. Psychological Review, 103(4), 734–760.

  46. Rubin, D.C., Hinton, S., & Wenzel, A. (1999). The precise time course of retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(5), 1161–1176.

  47. Rohrer, D., & Taylor, K. (2006). The effects of overlearning and distributed practice on the retention of mathematics knowledge. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 1209–1224.

  48. Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354–380.

  49. Goldhaber, D., & Anthony, E. (2003). Teacher quality and student achievement. (ED 477271)

  50. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1–49. http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n1/

  51. Rowan, B. (2004). Teachers matter: Evidence from value-added assessments. Washington, DC: American Education Research Association. (ED 485184)

  52. Nye, B., Konstantopoulos, S., & Hedges, L.V. (2004). How large are teacher effects? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26(3), 237–257.

  53. Berliner, D. C. (1979). Tempus Educare. In P. L. Peterson & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Research on teaching: Concepts, findings, and implications (pp. 120–135). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.

  54. Rivkin, S. G., Hanushek, E. A., & Kain, J. F. (2005). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement. Econometrica, 73(2), 417–458.

  55. Azordegan, J., Byrnett, P., Campbell, K., Greenman, J., & Coulter, T. (2005). Diversifying teacher compensation. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/65/83/6583.pdf

  56. Farkas, S., Johnson, J., Foleno, T., Duffett, A., & Foley, P. (2000). A sense of calling: Who teaches and why. New York: Public Agenda. http://publicagenda.org/research/pdfs/sense_of_calling.pdf

  57. Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., & Rivkin, S. G. (1999). Do Higher Salaries Buy Better Teachers? (ED 437710)

 Also in this section ...

  • 148 references from the remaining four chapters
  • Plus 90 references from seven appendices

This is an excerpt from Chalkbored: What's Wrong with School and How to Fix It. Order the book here.